Estimates of Taxes Paid by Undocumented Immigrants

The generally-held belief that undocumented immigrants pay no income tax is generally incorrect. Many undocumented immigrants find ways to pay both federal income and payroll taxes even though they might not have a Social Security number—even if they are working illegally. How Much They Pay According to estimates by the nonpartisan American Immigration Council, households headed by illegal immigrants paid a combined $11.2 billion in state and local taxes during 2010. Based on estimates compiled by the Institute for Taxation and Economic Policy, the American Immigration Council reported that the $11.2 billion in taxes paid by illegal immigrants in 2010 included $8.4 billion in sales taxes, $1.6 billion in property taxes and $1.2 billion in state personal income taxes. According to the  American Immigration Council: In spite of the fact that they lack legal status, these immigrants—and their family members—are adding value to the U.S. economy; not only as taxpayers, but as workers, consumers, and entrepreneurs as well. The Bipartisan Policy Center reports that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) estimates more than $9 billion is paid each year by undocumented immigrants. They help keep the struggling Social Security system afloat while receiving hardly any benefits from it. (The sole exception has been the Child Tax Credit, and even that has been amended to apply only to children who have Social Security numbers.) Why Would They Pay Taxes? It is true that many undocumented immigrants are illegally paid â€Å"under the table† for their work and do not pay taxes on their income. But many others choose to pay income tax, hoping that by doing so they will eventually become American citizens. While evidence for this is largely anecdotal, several attempts at comprehensive immigration reform legislation over the last decade, including S.744 (the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act), have contained provisions listing attributes such as â€Å"good moral character† and â€Å"paying back taxes† as requirements for obtaining citizenship. Should such an immigration reform bill ever become law, undocumented immigrants could use a provable history of paying taxes as one way to show good faith and moral character.   Which States Got the Most? According to the American Immigration Council, California led all states in taxes from households headed by undocumented immigrants, at $2.7 billion in 2010. Other states gleaning significant revenue from taxes paid by illegal immigrants included: Texas: $1.6 billionFlorida: $806.8 millionNew York: $662.4 millionIllinois: $499.2 million The left-leaning  Institute on Taxation Economic Policy  issued a 2017 report saying undocumented immigrants contributed a total of $11.7 billion in state and local taxes. This is the state breakdown it gave for 2014, the most recent year for which it had figures: California: $3.2 billionTexas: $1.6 billionNew York: $1.1 billionIllinois: $758.9 millionFlorida: $598.7 millionNew Jersey: $587.4 millionGeorgia: $351.7 millionNorth Carolina: $277.4 millionVirginia, $256 millionArizona, $213.6 million Note: While California may have realized $2.7 billion from taxes paid by undocumented  immigrants in 2010, a 2004 report by the Federation for American Immigration Reform showed that California spends more than $10.5 billion annually on the education, health care and incarceration of its illegal immigrant population. Where Did It Get These Figures? In coming up with its estimate of $11.2 billion in annual taxes paid by undocumented  immigrants, the Institute for Taxation and Economic Policy says it relied on: An estimate of each states unauthorized populationThe average family income for unauthorized immigrantsState-specific tax payments Estimates of the undocumented  or unauthorized population of each state came from the Pew Research Center and the 2010 Census. According to the Pew Center, an estimated 11.2 million undocumented immigrants lived in the U.S. during 2010. The average annual income for households headed by an illegal immigrant was estimated at $36,000, of which about 10% is sent to support family members in countries of origin. The Institute for Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP) and the American Immigration Council  assume  undocumented immigrants actually pay these taxes because: Sales tax is automatic, so it is assumed that unauthorized residents would pay sales tax at similar rates to U.S. citizens and legal immigrants with similar income levels.Similar to sales tax, property taxes are hard to avoid, and unauthorized immigrants are assumed to pay the same property taxes as others with the same income level. ITEP assumes that most unauthorized immigrants are renters, and only calculates the taxes paid by renters.Income tax contributions by the unauthorized population are less comparable to other populations because many unauthorized immigrants work off the books and income taxes are not automatically withheld from their paychecks. ITEP conservatively estimates that 50 percent of unauthorized immigrants are paying income taxes. One Big Disclaimer There is no question that undocumented  immigrants do pay some taxes. As the American Immigration Council  correctly points out, sales taxes and property taxes as a component of rent are unavoidable, no matter a persons citizenship status. However, when the U.S. Census Bureau so emphatically states that illegal immigrants are the most difficult individuals for them to locate and count in the decennial census, any figure as elusive as the total taxes they pay must be considered a very rough estimate. In fact, the  American Immigration Council acknowledges this by adding the following disclaimer: Of course, it is difficult to know precisely how much these families pay in taxes because the spending and income behavior of these families is not as well documented as is the case for U.S. citizens. But these estimates represent a sensible best approximation of the taxes these families likely pay.

Action Plan For The Marketing Manager Essay - 1771 Words

Action plan: Required tasks Responsibilities Costs Timelines Train staffs with the benefits of referring the business to the customers Marketing manager $200 01/11/16 – 02/11/16 Select the best media to launch the products Marketing manager $1000 01/11/16 – 03/11/16 Develop the new product lines Operations manager $5000 01/11/16 – 30/11/16 Test the new product lines within the current customers Operations manager and Marketing officers $3000 01/12/16 – 15/12/16 Develop the website Marketing officers $800 01/11/16 – 05/11/16 Improve the website according to the customers feedback Marketing manager $500 06/11/16 – 08/11/16 Required tasks Durations Timelines 01/11/16 10/11/16 20/11/16 01/12/16 10/12/16 20/12/16 Train staffs with the benefits of referring the business to the customers 1 day 01/11/16 – 02/11/16 Select the best media to launch the products 2 days 01/11/16 – 03/11/16 Develop the new product lines 30 days 01/11/16 – 30/11/16 Test the new product lines within the current customers 14 days 01/12/16 – 15/12/16 Develop the website 4 days 01/11/16 – 05/11/16 Improve the website according to the customers feedback 2 days 06/11/16 – 08/11/16 Assessment Task 2 For this assessment you will need to develop a brief for an external web site developer for the required web site. 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Communication in Organization for Dishes - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCommunication in Organization for Dishes. Answer: Introduction The aim of the following paper is to identify and evaluate the interpersonal communication issues of a business organization. Following the aforementioned purpose, the paper is going to conduct an interview and interpret it. The interview will be conducted on an individual employee of a business organization, named Happy Times. At the same time, the paper will analyze the findings of the interview in order to identify whether the organization is facing any interpersonal and intercultural communication issues or not. In this context, it is essential to note that the considered organization is a Sydney-based restaurant that specializes in Mexican cuisine. The delicacy of the place is varied kinds of burrito dishes and cocktails. The organization was founded near about two years ago and now is running successfully with more than 55 employees. Being a small organization and a new entrant in the contemporary market of restaurant business, the enterprise follows a flat organizational structure. Moreover, the organization use the online social media and posters for the purpose of marketing and broadcasting. Methodology In order to accomplish the aforementioned purpose, the paper has conducted a qualitative research method. For collecting news regarding the interpersonal communication and any issue related to it, the paper has realized that the interview method will be fruitful. An employee from the restaurant Happy Times has been chosen and with the telephonic interview, a detailed conversation has been occupied. Moreover, for recording the responses of the chosen respondent, an electronic recording deviser with memory card has been used. In this context, it is essential to mention that total five questions have been asked to the chosen respondent and the telephonic interview lasted for 20 minutes. As the purpose of the interview is to acquire an elaborative detail about the organizational communication of Happy Times, each of the questions have been formulated in an open-ended way so that the respondent has the opportunity to express his point of views in an elaborative manner. However, in order to analyze the response collected from the interview segment, the paper has chosen the qualitative manner, which will be accompanied by the deductive research approach and descriptive design. Here, it is essential to mention that prior to conduct the interview, a written consent has been taken from the respondent and it has been informed to the respondent that the interview is conducted for an educational purpose. It should be also mentioned here that for accomplishing the purpose of the paper, the respondent has not been forced to share his/her concern. Each of the questions have been made on the organizational communication and in time of formulating the questions, aspects like intercultural communication, negotiation, persuasion, discussions and conflict resolutions have been taken into consideration. The employee who has been selected from Happy Times for the interview is working there from the start, therefore it can be said that the selection is justified. Findings Do your organization maintains a diverse workplace? The respondent has replied that the organization does maintain a diverse workplace as it recruits individuals from different cultural background. However, the respondent has also mentioned that the organization shown less consideration to employ individuals from the aboriginal communities. Do the employees and managers of your organization shares flexible communication? According to the response of the considered respondent, most of the employees of the organization shares flexible communication with each other and they get time to engage in friendly communication. However, according to the respondent, most of the time the managers do not engage themselves in making flexible communication with the employees. Moreover, the respondents has also mentioned that the managers also prefer to maintain a boundary while talking with the subordinates. Do you think your organization gives enough opportunity to the employees to talk through group discussions? On behalf of the question, the respondents replied that group discussions are not frequent in the organization as most of the time managers and upper level authorities take necessary decision regarding any matter. However, group discussion or meeting with the managers only take place when the organization finds the necessity to talk about employee behaviors or inclusion of a new item in the menu. Do you think the team leaders and managers of your work place are persuasive enough? From the response on behalf of the particular question, it has been understood that the team leaders are more or less motivational and helpful while most of the time the employees do not get enough encouragement from the higher management. Do your organization personally asks individual employees about a conflict or issue? The respondents replied that whenever any potential conflict arises, the organization first prefer to converse it with the management. If the conflicts are not sorted out in the meetings between the managers and the higher authority, only then the authority considers consulting about the matter with the employees. Discussion The findings are indicative of the fact that the organization is running with an autocratic managerial approach. It has been mentioned before that the organization maintains a flat organizational culture; therefore, the aforementioned findings have been expected. The findings have indicated that there is the issue of cultural discrimination in the organization as the authorities show ignorance in appointing individuals from the aboriginal community. Moreover, the findings have indicated also that the managers like to maintain a boundary while talking and they do not consider taking the opinions of the employees. It has been also understood from the findings that the management of the organization lack a proper persuasive nature and a motivational leadership. It can be therefore said that the organization does not give adequate amount of priority to the employees. The employees and their point of views are ignored, as there is lack of proper communication among the employees, manageme nt and the higher authority. The aforementioned realization is true because the findings have indicated that organization does not even consider engaging the employees in the discussion. Therefore, it is understandable that most of the time the employees are left with disappointment. The situation also implies that the organization does not even give enough appreciation to the employees and their hard work. Moreover, the findings reflect that there is lack of proper non-verbal communication as it has been understood that the employees are not properly encouraged by the managers non-verbal communication attributes. Conclusion and Recommendation From the above findings and discourse, it can be deuced that the considered organization needs to change its organizational communication pattern as well as its leadership style. The findings have implied that the organization does not even give preference to employ applicants belonging to the aboriginal communities. Therefore, the main issues are The employees opinions are not considered in time of conflict resolution The management does not have a persuasive and transformational leadership nature No flexible communication between management and employees Lack of appropriate non-verbal communication gestures Following the concepts of the communication accommodation theory, it is to say that people should adjust their verbal communication as well as non-verbal communication attributes. It is essential for showing respect to the other person who is engaged in the conversation (Fairhurst 2014). On the other hand, the theoretical concepts of persuasion in organizational communication imply that management of every organization needs to acquire a persuasive nature, which is essential to motivate employees (Stephens et al. 2013). Moreover, when an organization ignores to involve the employees in the conflict resolution process, consequently most of the time the conflict does not solved and increases further (Modaff et al. 2016). Therefore, to improve the condition of the considered organization, the following steps will be required Persuasion of transformational leadership Involvement of a middle management Friendly communication between management and employees Involvement of the employees in the conflict resolution process (van Osch et al. 2015) Arrangement of a common space where the employees can talk freely and Employment of the aboriginal candidates References Fairhurst, G.T., 2014. Exploring the back alleys of publishing qualitative organizational communication research.Management Communication Quarterly,28(3), pp.432-439. Modaff, D.P., Butler, J.A. and DeWine, S.A., 2016.Organizational communication: Foundations, challenges, and misunderstandings. Pearson. Stephens, K.K., Barrett, A.K. and Mahometa, M.J., 2013. Organizational communication in emergencies: Using multiple channels and sources to combat noise and capture attention.Human Communication Research,39(2), pp.230-251. van Osch, W., Steinfield, C.W. and Balogh, B.A., 2015, January. Enterprise social media: Challenges and opportunities for organizational communication and collaboration. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 763-772). IEEE.a

Second language in English Classes in Saudi Arabia A teaching Support or a Learning Hindrance

Aim In an insightful study on the use of first language in classroom, Cook (2001) revealed that most participants supported the application of the first language (Arabic) as a critical tool for mediation.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Second language in English Classes in Saudi Arabia: A teaching Support or a Learning Hindrance? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the application of L1 in L2 settings has generated controversies, especially in regards to its effectiveness in the environment where not all learners share the same L1. This has called for the need to develop further insights into how the best application of language can form the bedrock of effective teaching and learning. The need to examine the use of L2 in English classroom setting has also attracted a significant number of researchers. However, research on the application of L2 in English classrooms in Saudi Arabia is inconclusive. This research seeks to examine whether the use of L2 in English classes in Saudi Arabia is an effective tool or a hindrance to learning. Literature Review A review of existing literature sources reveals that the development of effective teaching and learning practices has been an issue of concern to researchers the field of education. This is because of the need to transform teaching and learning practices through adoption of better methods of content delivery.Advertising Looking for proposal on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is against this background that the application of first language (L1) in mastering the second language (L2) has attracted considerable interest from researchers (Turnbull Daily-O’Cain, 2009; Cook, 2001). The proponents of this system argue that the first language forms the basis for creating meaningful connections to concepts in the second language (Cook, 2001). Machaal (2010) theorized that development of language skills is important to overall development of learning capabilities in students. Macaro (2005) presented an insightful analysis of the code switching to L2 classroom through a review of past teaching and learning strategies. In his analysis, the author claimed that â€Å"theory and practice have started shifting towards acceptance of judicious and theoretically principled use of L1 in L2 classes and vice-versa† (p. 69). On the other hand, in a survey involving 30 students, and 10 EFL teachers, Machaal (2010) sought to examine whether the application of Arabic language in English classes presented meaningful benefits to the learners. After reviewing past literature sources and analyzing data collected from the sample participants, the author revealed that Arabic served as an important tool in theoretical and practical learning. Based on scarcity of literatures on the amount of L2 language used in foreign classrooms, Duff and Polio (1990) sought br idge the gap in literature by examining â€Å"how much foreign language is there in the foreign language classroom† (p. 1). In a study involving a survey of 21 sampled students conducted in the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), the researchers found and presented findings similar to past researchers (Macaro, 2005; Machaal, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Second language in English Classes in Saudi Arabia: A teaching Support or a Learning Hindrance? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whereas there were a number of limitations to the study, the researchers revealed that the amount of foreign language in a foreign language classroom differs based on factors related to the demands of the learner. Justification In an analysis of â€Å"the socio-cultural context of English language teaching in the Gulf† by Syed (2003), it was revealed that local problems require homegrown solutions. T his implies that the application of L2 in English classroom in the Gulf does not lead to any meaningful benefits. In his concluding remarks, the author pointed out that application of L1 in L2 classroom settings was appropriate for the achievement of a more holistic learning. This is because learning is a process that begins with the unknown. The need to carry out research in this particular area revolves around the changing nature of learning and teaching and the need to develop effective responsive methods. References Cook, V. (2001). Using the first language in the classroom. Canadian Modern Language Review, 57(11): 402–423. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, New York: Sage. Duff, P. Polio, C. (1990). How much foreign language is there in the foreign language classroom? Modern Language Journal, 74(3):154–166.Advertising Looking for proposal on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Macaro, E. (2005). Codeswitching in the L2 classroom: A communication and learning strategy. New York: Springer. Machaal, B. (2010). The Use of Arabic in English Classes: A teaching Support or a Learning Hindrance? A Quarterly International Peer Reviewed Journal, 5(3): 194-232. Syed, Z. (2003). The sociocultural context of English language teaching in the Gulf. TESOL Quarterly. 37(2): 337–41. Turnbul, M. and Dailey-O’Cain, J. (2009). Introduction in First Language Use in Second and Foreign Language Learning. Bristol, Buffalo, Toronto: Multilingual Matters. This proposal on Second language in English Classes in Saudi Arabia: A teaching Support or a Learning Hindrance? was written and submitted by user Krystal Park to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biology Lab Essays

Biology Lab Essays Biology Lab Essay Biology Lab Essay Nature, 2001 2. David W. Pfennig, Karri S. Pfennig, and William R. Hardcore 3. Batteries Mimicry: When a harmless species mimics a dangerous species to confuse them so they are not harmed. Symmetric: A speciation in which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region. Allophonic: Occurring in separate, impoverishing geographic areas 4. Organism- Reptile Genus- Mimicries Species- fulfils Common Names- Coral Snake Organism- Reptile Genus- Lampposts Species- triangular ellipsoids Common Names- Sneaking 5. That Batteries mimicry is only effective if predators have experience with dangerous species. 6. Cylinders of procedure, non-toxic plasticize threaded onto an S-shaped wire 7. Ten at each site. Ringed, striped, and brown. 8. 10 symmetric and 8 allophonic in North and South Carolina.

261 American Identity Peer Review Professor Ramos Blog

261 American Identity Peer Review Creating Structure Quote Sandwich Introduce the quotation p. 46 Quote, relevant Explain Quotation p. 47 Sample Essay American Identity: From Inception to  Declaration Creating Structure Creating Structure. The structure of an analysis of literature can head in various directions. You can present a string of evidence to support a claim. You can examine similarities and differences. You can ask a question and explore ideas rather than a single point. In all these, you need to support a claim with reasons and evidence from the text. You can think of these as the â€Å"chips and salsa† of a paragraph. The chips can be the reason supporting the claim and the salsa can be the textual evidence, quotes, lines, ideas, paraphrases, chapters, etc that support the reason. Introduction leading to claim First supporting reason + textual evidence Supporting reason + evidence 3rd, 4th, 5th supporting reasons + evidence for each Conclusion connecting the parts and making the argument clear. Answer the â€Å"So what?† question and give the significance. Why does this matter? Why should we care? What should we take away from your analysis? How does it help us understand the literary work better? This is just one sample structure. You decide what the reasons and evidence are and how to organize the argument best. What do you need to so to prove your reading of the text? Use a formal style. Cite your evidence using MLA citations. Intro to American Lit since 1945 1069 1086 Intro New Readers, New Writers, New Heroes Literature and American Media Experiment and Play in Twentieth- and Twenty-First-Century Literature Literature Now

The Avant Garde Movement in Russia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Avant Garde Movement in Russia - Essay Example Natalia Goncharova on the other hand also played a role in the avant garde movement in Russia in that she was influenced to paint by the fact that the folk art of Russia to her seemed to primitive, she therefore together with her husband worked to organize the donkey tail art exhibition which led to the strengthening of this movement. Kazimir Malevich also contributed to the avant garde movement of Russia whereby he exhibited in many exhibitions which included the donkey tail exhibition which was organized by Natalia Goncharova. The paper also recognises the role played by religious icons paintings in the development of the avant garde movement, the religious painters only painted for the purpose of the church and only the church processed these icons, however after some years this changed and the people started owning these icons, paintings were also produced which were non religious in form and this contributed to the development of the avant garde movement. Kazimir Malevich was born in the year 1878 until his de... ious icons in Moscow, this is how he began icon painting, in the year 1906 he began studying painting at the Rerberg studio, whose purpose was to help him to join the Moscow college of painting. Kazimir Malevich was considered an important member of the avant garde movement in Russia. The avant garde paintings were meant to be those that enlightened the viewers of these paintings, Malevich created ant German propaganda and he also wrote slogans on paintings that were drawn by other painters. Natalia Goncharova: Natalia Goncharova was born in the year 1881 and dies in the year 1962, she was an avant garde artist in Russia and she was the wife of a poet named Alexander Pushkin. She undertook her art studies in the academy of art in Moscow; she organized the Donkey tail exhibition of 1912. Wassily Kandinsky: Wassily Kandinsky was born in 1866 and dies in the year 1944, he was a painter, an art theorist and a print maker, he was one famous painter in that he was credited for painting the first abstract work that is considered modern. He joined the University of Moscow where he studied economics and law, he started painting art the age of 30 and in 1896 he joined the Munich school of fine art, he is considered an avant garde painting member. Role of Russian Orthodox Icons on the Avant-Garde movement in Russia: The role of Wassily Kandinsky: Wassily Kandinsky painting did not emphasis any human figure, his paintings included a painting known as old Russia, this painting had the view of peasants and the nobles before the wall of a town, this painting was highly colourful and fanciful, the other painting was the riding couple painting of the year 1907, this painting depicted a man and a woman riding a horse, the man held the woman with tenderness, his use of colour